The research, named Project Memoria, was conducted by enterprise device security firm Forescout in collaboration with others. It resulted in the discovery of the vulnerabilities tracked as Ripple20, AMNESIA:33, NUMBER:JACK, NAME:WRECK, INFRA:HALT, and NUCLEUS:13.

TCP/IP stacks are leveraged by a wide range of devices for communication, including medical products, industrial control systems (ICS), printers, and switches.

Researchers have identified a total of 97 vulnerabilities across 14 TCP/IP stacks, including ones that can be exploited for remote code execution, DoS attacks, or to obtain sensitive information. The flaws impact hundreds of products, with researchers estimating that there are roughly 3 billion vulnerable devices